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- From: norm@ora.com (Norman Walsh)
- Subject: comp.fonts FAQ: X11 Info
- Message-ID: <font-faq-11_759515252@ora.com>
- Followup-To: poster
- Summary: This posting answers frequently asked questions about fonts.
- It addresses both general font questions and questions that
- are specific to a particular platform.
- Sender: norm@ora.com (Norman Walsh)
- Supersedes: <font-faq-11_757281740@ora.com>
- Reply-To: norm@ora.com (Norman Walsh)
- Organization: O'Reilly and Associates, Inc.
- References: <font-faq-1_759515252@ora.com>
- Date: Tue, 25 Jan 1994 16:28:18 GMT
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
- Expires: Thu, 10 Mar 1994 16:27:32 GMT
- Lines: 215
- Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu comp.fonts:6521 comp.answers:3567 news.answers:14507
-
- Archive-name: fonts-faq/part11
- Version: 2.0.3
-
- Subject: 9. X11 Information
-
- This section needs a lot of work. At the time of this release, I'm not
- in a position to write it so I'm leaving it basically blank. Even if
- you don't have time to write it, if you know what should be in this
- section, please forward it to norm.
-
- Subject: 9.1. Getting X11
-
- The standard location for X software is ftp.x.org.
-
- Subject: 9.2. Historical Notes about X11
-
- The X Window System has been in widespread use through releases 3, 4,
- and now 5 of X Version 11.
-
- Fonts weren't really treated by the X Consortium very well until X11
- release 5 (X11R5). In X11R3 and X11R4, the default format used by the X
- servers was called SNF (server normal format). Basically the font was
- formatted on disk in such a way that the X server could quickly read and
- use it (it was basically a memory-dump). The important element of the
- SNF format is that it was not a portable format: it depended on the
- architecture of the machine running the server (little endian vs. big
- endian, for example) and as a consequence you needed different directory
- structures for different systems on your network. On top of that,
- several systems vendors implemented their own font format, making font
- portability even more difficult.
-
- With X11R5, two things changed: the font service protocol was defined as
- a standard and interoperable way for an X server to obtain fonts
- (independent of their format, origin, or current location on disk) and
- the default format for storing fonts was changed from SNF to PCF
- (Portable Compiled Font). PCF is a format originally developed by DEC.
- Its primary advantage is that it is not architecture dependent. That
- is, if you compile a font to PCF format on different systems, then you
- may end up having two different PCF files, but each system will be able
- to read the other's file correctly.
-
- Subject: 9.3. X11 Font Formats
-
- There are many different font formats that can play a role in an X11
- system configuration. The following table summarizes some of the
- common formats:
-
- * BDF
-
- The Bitmap Distribution Format (BDF) is the standard format for
- distribution of fonts. It is an ASCII format so it can easily be
- edited it with your favourite editor or E-mailed to other users.
- As the name suggests, it stores bitmap fonts only.
-
- Another virtue of the BDF format is that most font format
- converters convert to or from this format. Means if you want to go
- from format A to format B, neither of which is BDF, then you are
- likely to convert A to BDF, then BDF to B.
-
- The BDF format is defined by Adobe. A document describing the
- format is available by ftp from Adobe's file server at
- "ps-file-server@adobe.com". It is also available in the standard X
- distribution. Look under ../X11R4(5)/mit/hardcopy/BDF. This
- document is also reproduced in any text describing the X standard.
-
- * SNF
-
- The Server Normal Format (SNF) is an older format for bitmap
- fonts. The format is X Server and host dependent. This means that
- if you have two SNF files, their actual format may be different.
- Also, if you have an "snftobdf" utility, it may not be able to
- read font files from other systems. Convert to BDF format before
- you move it off the host system.
-
- Snftobdf is one utility that can generate a BDF file from a SNF
- file. It was part of the X11R4 contrib release. To compile under
- X11R5, you need some of the X11R4 snf include files.
-
- * PCF
-
- The Portable Compiled Font (PCF) format is a binary format for
- bitmap fonts. The binary contains sufficient information to be
- readable by other systems.
-
- * PHIGS
-
- These fonts are only applicable in PEX environments. PHIGS fonts
- don't really have any relationship to the normal X font mechanism.
-
- * DWF
-
- The DECWindows Fonts (DWF) are bitmap fonts.
-
- * Intellifont
-
- These are HP scalable fonts.
-
- * PFA/PFB
-
- These are Adobe Type 1 PostScript fonts.
-
- They can be used in X11R5 based X servers and font servers because
- IBM has donated a renderer for this format to the X Consortium.
- The renderer can be found on the X11R5 contrib, and on ftp.x.org.
-
- * Speedo
-
- This is a format from Bitstream, Inc. Bitstream has also donated a
- font renderer to the X Consortium, and a couple of fonts.
-
- I have been told that in order to use commercial fonts from
- BitStream, you must patch the renderer somewhat to make it use the
- right decryption code for the font.
-
- * FB
-
- These are Sun X11/NeWS format bitmap fonts used by the Sun
- OpenWindows system.
-
- You can use "convertfont" which comes with OpenWindows to convert
- to/from BDF.
-
- * F3/F3B
-
- This is the scalable Sun Folio format, also used by OpenWindows.
-
- You can use "convertfont" to convert to (not from) BDF.
-
- Subject: 9.4. X11 Font Server Information
-
- With X11 Release 5, the X Consortium has created a network-based
- standard font protocol. As a user of the X Window System, you have an X
- server on your desktop, which does the interface between the hardware
- (screen, mouse, keyboard), and the X network protocol. This X server
- needs fonts. Before X11r5, the only way it could get to those fonts
- was to make font directories readable for the X server on that host,
- either by NFS-mounting or by copying.
-
- With the X Font Service protocol, you just tell your X server that it
- must use the services of a font server, which is a daemon process
- sitting on a host on your network. The font server is a program which
- talks a standardized protocol on the network, and which is capable of
- reading several font formats.
-
- The font server sources are modular, such that it is easy to add a
- renderer for an additional font format to the existing code. This is
- obviously also the intention: the X Consortium provides the core
- technology, and supposes that all systems vendors will add font
- renderers for their proprietary formats to the code, and then ship that
- to their customers.
-
- If you have a multi-vendor environment, then you are supposed to run a
- font server on every host that carries the font files. Then all of the
- X servers on your network can put all the fonts they need in their font
- path. Automatically, IBM fonts will be requested from the font server
- on an IBM host, DEC fonts from a DEC host, etc.
-
- Other benefits of using font server technology include the ability of
- the font server to implement caching, provide for fault-tolerant setup,
- etc.
-
- A final example of the good use of the font server is the combination
- of a font server with a Type 1 font renderer. As mentioned above, IBM
- donated a Type 1 font renderer which can easily be built into the X
- font server. As the Type 1 font format, and the ATM format are the same,
- it is perfectly possible to use commercial ATM fonts with the X Window
- System.
-
- Subject: 9.5. Fonts and utilities for X11
-
- Here's a quick list of possible steps to get from "what you got" to X:
-
- * Mac format bitmaps:
-
- No idea. If you know how to read a Mac format bitmap file on some
- other platform, please tell norm.
-
- * PC format bitmaps:
-
- Conversion to BDF is possible from TeX PK format and LaserJet
- softfont format. Other conversions are also within the realm of
- possibility. Feel free to ask norm for more information if you
- have a specific conversion in mind.
-
- * TeX PK format bitmaps:
-
- PKtoBDF gets us directly to BDF format from here.
-
- * Mac format postscript:
-
- Under MS-DOS, conversion to PC format postscript allows the font to
- be accessed with PS2PK (under *nix or MS-DOS). See above for TeX
- PK to X conversions.
-
- * PC/Unix format PostScript
-
- Conversion to TeX PK with PS2PK allows you to get to BDF
- (indirectly).
-
- * XtoBDF, getbdf, FStoBDF
-
- XtoBDF and getbdf are two public-domain applications which are
- capable of asking an X server to give them all it knows about a
- given font. They then print the BDF representation of that font on
- stdout.
-
- You can use these if you have an X server that can read some font
- file, but nothing else can.
-
- FStoBDF is distributed with X11R5.
-
- If you use one of these programs, you may actually be converting a
- scalable font into a bitmap font, but converting a bitmap font to a
- scalable one is not currently possible.
-
-